Article By Michael D. King
By the 1730s, ranching had become vital to the region, transitioning to private ownership as Spanish missions declined. Central to our story is Margaret Borland, whose family journeyed from Ireland to Texas in the 1820s, driven by the promise of land and opportunity under John McMullen's impresario contract. The Heffernan family, including a young Margaret, faced immense challenges as they adapted to life in the untamed Coastal Bend region. Their remarkable resilience in overcoming cultural, environmental, and health obstacles set the stage for Margaret's significant role in the Texas cattle industry.
The episode also explores the tumultuous period of the Texas Revolution, highlighting the resilience and determination of Irish settlers. We follow the Heffernan family as they navigate the dangers posed by both Mexican and Texan forces, bandit attacks, and the harsh realities of war. Key events such as the Battle of Concepcion, the Goliad Declaration of Independence, and the infamous Goliad Massacre are examined for their impact on the settlers. The narrative shifts to the capture and negotiation involving Santa Anna, marking the end of hostilities and the beginning of a new era for Texas. We also touch upon the personal struggles and tragedies faced by the Heffernan family in the aftermath, including Margaret's life as a widow and single mother in the uncertain times of the Republic of Texas.
One of the pivotal moments in Margaret Borland's life was her journey along the Chisholm Trail, which played a crucial role in transforming Wichita into a bustling cow town. The Chisholm Trail, established by Jesse Chisholm in 1863, was instrumental in the Texas cattle trade. Margaret's journey along this trail is vividly recounted, highlighting the challenges and beauty encountered on the way to Wichita. Significant infrastructure developments like the Waco Suspension Bridge, which facilitated the cattle trade, are also discussed. Reflecting on Margaret's legacy and her untimely passing in 1873, the episode underscores the immense risks and hardships faced by those who dared to shape the early Texas cattle industry.
The story of Margaret Borland is not just one of personal triumph but also a testament to the broader historical context of the time. The Texas cattle industry was born in the Coastal Bend region, a geographical area of immense importance. The Heffernan family's journey from Ireland to Texas in 1829 marked the beginning of a wave of Irish immigration to the region and played a pivotal role in shaping the industry. The challenges they faced, from adapting to the new environment to dealing with cultural and health obstacles, highlight the resilience and determination required to build a new life in Texas. Margaret Borland's contributions to the Texas cattle industry were significant, but they were also marked by personal tragedy. Her life was shaped by the loss of her father during the Texas Revolution, the death of her first husband in a pistol duel, and the cholera epidemic that claimed her second husband. Despite these challenges, Margaret persevered, marrying Alexander Borland, one of the wealthiest cattle ranchers in South Texas. Together, they recognized Texas's potential as the hub of the American cattle industry, playing a significant role in its survival during the Civil War. These personal triumphs amidst adversity are a testament to Margaret's resilience and determination. The post-Civil War era brought new challenges, from a declining economy to the yellow fever epidemic of 1867. Margaret's resilience was again tested as she lost several family members to the epidemic, yet she continued to run the vast ranch by herself. Her determination was further demonstrated during the freak blizzard of 1871-72, which killed thousands of her cattle. Undeterred, Margaret organized a cattle drive to Kansas in 1873, marking the first time a woman led a trail drive. This monumental feat was a testament to her pioneering spirit and determination.
Margaret Borland's story is one of courage, resilience, and innovation. Her journey from Ireland to Texas, her contributions to the Texas cattle industry, and her personal triumphs and tragedies are a testament to the pioneering spirit of the Irish in Texas. This episode is rich in history, courage, and the indomitable spirit of those who shaped the early Texas cattle industry.
Join us for an episode that delves into the trailblazing legacy of Margaret Borland, a woman whose remarkable journey from Ireland to the heart of Texas cattle country continues to inspire. From the Spaniards introducing livestock in the 1690s to the critical role of ranching by the 1730s, we set the stage for Margaret's significant contributions. Experience the Heffernan family's resilience as they adapt to the rugged Coastal Bend region, navigating cultural, environmental, and health challenges that forged their indomitable spirit. Witness the harrowing trials during the Texas Revolution and follow Margaret's incredible journey along the Chisholm Trail, highlighting her role in transforming Wichita into a bustling cow town. Reflect on Margaret's legacy and the immense risks and hardships faced by those who dared to shape the early Texas cattle industry.
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Article By Michael King Gambling, a game of chance that was not just a pastime but a cultural phenomenon, held a significant place in the lives of the buffalo hunters and cowboys who propelled America's westward expansion in the nineteenth century. Whether it was a game of Poker played on a blanket or a Faro bet placed in a saloon, the thrill and excitement of gambling shaped the social fabric of frontier towns like Dodge City. The popularity of gambling in the West can be attributed mainly to the fact that all those who left the relative safety and comfort of the East to seek fame and fortune on the frontier were, in a sense, natural-born gamblers. In the early West, gambling was not just a game but a profession, a risky and uncertain calling that mirrored the intensity and unpredictability of frontier life. The arrival of the Texas cattle drives in the 1870s was a game-changer for the gambling scene in the West. These drives brought a wave of gamblers and eager cowboys to the railhead towns in Kansas, such as Dodge City. The ensuing card games of faro, Monte, twenty-one, and Poker, played in establishments like the Lone Star, the Lady Gey, the Long Branch, and the Alamo, became a constant feature, almost outnumbering the cowboys who were their prey. Dodge City, the final and most infamous of the Kansas cattle towns, underwent a remarkable transformation. By 1875, it became the destination for Texas Longhorns, and over the next decade, the small, makeshift town on the prairie blossomed into a Cowboy Capital. It earned its notorious reputation as the 'Beautiful, Bibulous Babylon of the Frontier,' a vivid testament to the rapid growth and prevalence of vices like gambling on the frontier. Frontier towns like Dodge City were a buzzing hub of high-stakes games like Poker and Ferro, drawing in gamblers from all corners. Gambling was popular entertainment during the 19th century, particularly in frontier towns. The arrival of Texas cattle drives brought a new wave of gamblers, including professional figures like Richard Dick Clark. Faro, a game with a complex layout and unique roles for the dealer and casekeeper, was a crowd favorite. Another popular game was Spanish Monte, which the Texas Cowboys loved. The intricate world of gambling in the Old West was not just about entertainment; it was an integral part of the lifestyle. Poker, in particular, has a fascinating history in the Wild West. One famous poker game involved ex-governor Thomas Carney, who lost all his possessions to Colonel Charlie Norton. Quick-shooting gamblers like Bat Masterson, who became famous as frontier lawmen, frequented these games. The game, often leading to disputes and even shootings, was more than just a pastime; it was a risk-filled environment that could change one's destiny. But the games of the Wild West were not limited to Poker and Faro. The Spanish Monte, for example, was introduced to the card game scene at the conclusion of the Mexican War in 1847. These rough and unruly frontier guerrilla fighters learned the game well while occupying Mexico City, and soon, it was popular in Dodge City. This game's origin goes back to Spain, where the name means mountain or pile, as in a pile of cards. In addition to Poker and Monty, there was also the game of Keno, a lottery game that originated from a Chinese general who needed money to finance a war. This game found its way into Dodge City and was played in gambling houses known as Keno Dens. It involved players purchasing a ticket or card and placing small wagers to win a significant payoff if luck was on their side. The world of Wild West gambling was a thrilling and risky realm where every bet placed was more than just a game. It was a pivotal part of the culture and lifestyle of the era, shaping the destinies of many and creating legends that are remembered today. Whether it was a high-stakes poker game in Dodge City or a round of Spanish Monte among Texas cowboys, the allure of gambling in the Wild West continues to fascinate us today. The Game of FaroArticle by Michael King After the cattle were herded together and branded, the cowhands separated them into herds. Initially, the cattle owners themselves drove the herds. Eventually, they hired agents to drive the cattle to the market for a fee, usually $1 per head delivered to the market. Large herds of over 2,500 cattle went up the trail to Abilene, with many smaller herds also making the journey. Each drive required a foreman, a cook, and about fifteen cowboys. Edgar Rye describes the system of driving cattle along the trail in his book, "The Quirt and the Spur." The system of driving the cattle along the trail is exciting, especially to a tenderfoot who, for the first time, is permitted to watch the proceedings. On either side of the herd near the front rode two cowboys, called the pointers, who kept the leaders on the trail and shaped the course of the herd. The remainder of the boys, except the cook and his assistant, were busy keeping up the stragglers and cutting out the strays. The cook's assistant, the wrangler, kept the saddle ponies moving in the wake of the herd, and the cook brought up the rear with the "chuck" wagon. The cattle were driven in double column formation, like an army corps on the march, and the cowboys, riding up and down the line like so many officers, presented a novel sight. In this way, large bodies of cattle were driven over the trail. Under the guidance of the trail boss, the operation was managed with precision. Each cowboy, equipped with three to ten horses and their own riding and camping gear, was prepared for the journey. The team was armed against wild animals, rustlers, and potential attacks from Native Americans. With the labor force, horses, chuckwagon, and food supplies, the drive could handle about 1500 cattle, potentially earning more than $50,000 once the cattle reached the stockyards in Dodge City or Abilene and were ready for sale.
The Longhorns were used to living on grass, and usually, they could find enough along the trail. However, even though the herds were forbidden, they would sometimes be stopped for a day or two to fatten on lush grass in the Indian Territory. The herd, strung out on the trail, was a testament to the teamwork involved in cattle herding. Two trusted cowhands rode in the lead, one on each side, as pointers. Behind them, at intervals, rode the swingmen and the flank riders to keep the cattle in order. In the dusty rear were the unenvied drag men to prod the laggards. This was not just a group of individuals but a team, each member playing a crucial role in the drive's success. Scouts rode in front of the herd to select the best route. The path would vary depending on the availability of water and grass. It also relies on the year's season and how many herds had passed over the ground that year. Despite minor changes in the course, the herd always traveled north. Scouts also alerted the trail boss to dangers such as bad weather, hostile Native Americans, and outlaws. The trail boss had complete authority over all the cowhands and other employees on the trail. In his book Cattle Trade of the West and Southwest, Joseph McCoy describes cattle-herding along the trail in early cattle-herding along the trail. It should be noted that 1869 the chuck wagon had yet to be invented. A herd of one thousand cattle will stretch out from one to two miles while traveling on the trail and is a magnificent sight, inspiring the drover with enthusiasm akin to that enkindled in the breast of the military hero by the presence of marching columns of men. Confident cowboys are appointed to ride beside the leaders and control the herd, while others ride beside and behind, keeping everything in its place and moving on, the camp wagon and "cavvie yard" bringing up the rear. Their resilience and determination in the face of such a monumental task is truly inspiring. A large herd with several saddle horses could require 12 men or more. The trail boss, either a ranch crew member or a hired drover—organized and led the affair. He selected specific routes and rode ahead, searching for water, grass, and suitable campgrounds. The cook and his chuck wagon also moved forward of the herds to ensure the meals and "ink-black" coffee were ready when the cowboys settled in for the evening. The chuck wagon and the cook play a crucial role in the success of the drive, providing sustenance and comfort to the hardworking cowboys. Each cowhand had specific duties. Several highly skilled cowhands, known as pointers, also called point riders or lead riders, rode at the side of the lead cattle to direct the herd. The point man who rides near the front of the herd determines the direction, controls the speed, and gives the cattle something to follow. Larger herds sometimes necessitate the use of two-point men. A privileged position on the drive, this job is reserved for more experienced hands who know the country they travel to. Flankers, who rode beside the herd, kept the cattle from straying too far. The flank riders rode near the rear about two-thirds of the way back. Their role is to back the swing riders up and keep the cattle bunched, preventing the back of the herd from fanning out. Other cowhands rode in the rear, or drag position, to keep cattle from straying behind. The drag riders keep the herd moving, pushing the slower animals forward. Because of the exhausting work and insufferable dust, this unpleasant job is typically reserved for green cowboys. Swing riders ride closely along each side of the herd, about a third back from the point rider. They are responsible for keeping the herd together and constantly looking for animals that might try to break away. They are also instrumental in backing up the point riders as the herd turns. If the point man leaves his position, a swing rider will ride until he returns. Wranglers took care of the extra horses. Each cowhand took along several horses. The men would switch horses a few times a day to keep the horses from tiring. The wrangler cares for the driver's remuda, ensuring the horses are fed and doctored. He typically drives the horses with the wagon, as his secondary duties include helping the cook rustle firewood, unhook the team, or any other odd jobs around the camp.
By Keith Wondra
Article Reprinted by Authors Permission from the May 9, 2023, Dodge City Globe
As Frederic Young, Dodge City historian, wrote, “names of Dodge City’s saloons…ring in the ear like the clink of glass mugs on beer taps and the smash of empty glasses against varnished mahogany-the Alamo, the Long Branch, the Billiard Hall, the Alhambra, the Saratoga, the Occident,…the Crystal Palace, the Lone Star, the Old House, the Hub, the Sample Room, the Oasis, the Junction, the Green Front, the South Side, the Congress Hall, the Stock Exchange, and the St. James. Some saloons…were known only by their proprietors whose reputations were the only advertising needed- Hoover’s, Peacock’s, Beatty & Kelly’s, and Sturm’s. Some bars ran in connection with hotels, dance halls, and theaters- the Dodge House, the Lady Gay, the Varieties, the Comique, and the Opera House.”
Many consider Hoover and McDonald’s Liquor Store and Saloon, which opened in 1872, the first saloon and business in Dodge City. It was south of the railroad tracks on Trail Street, east of Third Avenue. By the end of 1872, five of the thirteen wood-frame buildings in Dodge City were saloons. George Hoover and John G. McDonald moved their saloon and liquor store to the vibrant North Front Street a year later.
Early Dodge City saloons included gambling within the saloons. South of the tracks had women and music. They were also one-room shacks with dirt floors while serving watered-down drinks, mainly whiskey. The railroad's arrival in 1872 allowed saloon owners to update their establishments with fancy wooden bars, artwork, and billiard tables. The railroad also brought in brandy, champagne, wine, and various types of whiskey. More than mere watering holes, the early Dodge City saloons were the heart of a vibrant community. Initially serving the needs of buffalo hunters, their clientele expanded with the arrival of the cattle trade in 1875. This shift was not just a business decision but a reflection of the saloons' role in the community. They were more than just businesses; they were a part of the fabric of Dodge City, fostering a sense of belonging among the cowboys by naming several of their establishments after Texas names and places such as the Alamo, the Alhambra, and the Lone Star.
In 1877 alone, there were 11 saloons, with the most famous being the Long Branch. D. D. Colley and James F. Manion opened it in 1876 near the northeast corner of Second Avenue and Front Street. Two years later, Chalkley Beeson and William Harris bought it and turned it into a refined place with an air of sophistication. Since dancing was prohibited north of the tracks, Chalkley Beeson’s five-piece orchestra provided entertainment, later becoming the famous Dodge City Cowboy Band. The Long Branch served alcohol, Anheuser Busch beer, lemonade, milk, sarsaparilla, and tea. In February 1883, Luke Short bought Beeson’s interests in the Long Branch and partnered with William Harris. In November, Harris and Short sold the Long Branch to Roy Drake and Frank Warren, who owned it until 1885.
On the south side of the tracks, where dancing and soiled doves were allowed, the most famous saloon was the Lady Gay Dance Hall and Saloon. Jim Masterson, brother of Bat Masterson and Ben Springer, opened the Lady Gay in April 1877 on the southeast corner of Second Avenue and Trail Street. The interior consisted of a platform for an orchestra on one end with a bar on the other. On July 4, 1878, the Comique Theater opened and was attached to the Lady Gay. In 1881, Ben Springer sold his portion of the Lady Gay to A. J. Peacock, an owner of several Dodge City saloons. The Lady Gay was bought in August 1881 by Brick Bond and Tom Nixon and renamed the Bond & Nixon Old Stand.
By the early 1880s, prohibition had come to Dodge, and several saloon owners had converted their businesses to drug stores and restaurants. This included the Stock Exchange Saloon, which became a drug store, and the Lone Star Saloon, which became Delmonico’s Restaurant. By 1885, the cattle trade had left Dodge, and temperance leaders were trying to close the saloons. The November 27 and December 8, 1885 fires burned down the wood buildings on Front Street and closed the saloons.
Dodge City Saloon War of 1883
The Dodge City War of 1883 is the story of a bloodless conflict between a gambler named Luke Short and the political structures of Dodge City, who tried to force Short to close the Long Branch Saloon and leave town. Narrated by Brad Smalley, the incident was filled with ominous possibilities for violence and brought several of the most infamous gunfighters in the history of the Old West into Dodge City to seek justice for their friend – Luke Short. The event is best remembered because it produced one of the most iconic photos of gamblers and gunfighters. This photo, taken in celebration of their victory over the political structures in Dodge City, is known as the Peace Commission and stands as a testament to their courage and unity.
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Author"THE MISSION OF THE WESTERN CATTLE TRAIL ASSOCIATION IS TO PROTECT AND PRESERVE THE WESTERN CATTLE TRAIL AND TO ACCURATELY PROMOTE AWARENESS OF IT'S HISTORICAL LEGACY." Archives
September 2024
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